Ceiling of Basilica of San Vitale

Ravenna

Full City Guide, Map & 109 Things To Do

-500 FOUNDED
2526 YEARS OLD
14°C
4m ELEVATION
POP. 0.26%

Ravenna is a captivating city in Emilia Romagna where the grand legacy of late antiquity meets the relaxed charm of modern Italian life. It stands as a global capital of mosaic art, boasting eight extraordinary monuments recognised by UNESCO for their unparalleled beauty and historical significance. Walking through its elegant, pedestrianised centre feels like traversing a living museum, where unassuming brick facades hide interiors that explode with golden, mesmerising artworks. Beyond its visual splendour, the city is steeped in literary history as the final resting place of Dante Alighieri. With a flat, easily navigable layout, a deep cycling culture, and the Adriatic coast just a short ride away, it offers an enriching and delightfully slow paced escape.

History of Ravenna

Mud and water formed Ravenna’s first line of defence. Ancient Umbrians thrived here for centuries precisely because the settlement was nearly impossible to reach on foot. Surrounded by the murky expanse of the Padusa marsh and the Adriatic Sea, the town caught the attention of Roman Emperor Augustus. He recognised the strategic brilliance of this watery fortress and stationed a massive fleet of 250 warships at the nearby port of Classe. When the Western Roman Empire began to collapse under the threat of Visigoth invasions in 402 AD, Emperor Honorius panicked and moved his entire court from Milan to Ravenna. Imperial life relocated to a humid lagoon, turning a military outpost into the capital of the Western world. This sudden elevation brought grand basilicas and palaces, but the very mud that protected the city also swallowed it. Subsidence choked the port of Classe, turning the once busy naval hub into a stagnant swamp. In 493, the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great seized control and launched a massive rescue operation. He drained the wetlands, repaired the Roman aqueducts, and built an opulent new palace. His reign left a permanent physical mark on the landscape, most notably his own tomb. Unlike the brick structures favoured by his predecessors, Theodoric’s mausoleum was constructed from solid Istrian stone, crowned with a single limestone monolith that still rests heavily on the marshy soil today. The Byzantine Empire soon decided they wanted Italy back. In 540, Justinian’s general Belisarius besieged and captured the city, transforming it into the Exarchate of Ravenna. Under Archbishop Maximian, the city became a cultural powerhouse to rival Rome and Constantinople, filling the basilicas of San Vitale and Sant'Apollinare with gold and lapis lazuli mosaics. Yet this golden age literally cracked under pressure. A series of violent earthquakes between 726 and 744 shattered the urban layout, leaving buildings in ruins. When the Lombards finally expelled the Byzantines in 751, the city was already a decaying shadow of its imperial peak, soon to be stripped of its remaining marble statues by Charlemagne to decorate his own palace in Aachen. For centuries, the former capital operated as a giant open air quarry. Local aristocratic families spent the Middle Ages fighting for control over the rubble. The Traversari family eventually lost their grip in 1275 to the Da Polenta dynasty, who staged a coup and set about rebuilding the brick houses and dredging the blocked canals. They also provided a final refuge for a prominent political exile. Dante Alighieri arrived in 1313 and spent his last years walking the nearby Pineta di Classe, before contracting malaria and dying a few years later. The city refused to return his bones to Florence, hiding his remains in a Roman sarcophagus illuminated by a perpetually burning oil lamp. Venice briefly took charge in the fifteenth century, fortifying the town with the imposing Rocca Brancaleone, before the Papal States absorbed Ravenna in 1509. Under the popes, the city faced an entirely different kind of siege. The Ronco and Montone rivers steadily raised their beds, breaching their banks and flooding the streets fifteen times between 1544 and 1715. Residents navigated their own squares by boat until engineers finally diverted the rivers into the Fiumi Uniti canal south of the city. To replace the lost water routes, they dug the Canale Corsini, reconnecting the landlocked streets directly to the Adriatic. The nineteenth century brought an agricultural boom as landowners drained the surrounding valleys to plant rice. While a few grew wealthy, thousands of labourers lived in crude shantytowns on the edges of the fields, sparking intense union movements led by local figures like Nullo Baldini. After the bombardments of the Second World War, Ravenna reinvented itself again, this time as an industrial heavyweight. Huge petrochemical plants and methane extraction platforms sprouted along the Canale Candiano. The aggressive extraction took a familiar toll on the environment, causing the coastline to sink once more. At Lido di Dante, the beaches have dropped by 35 centimetres since the turn of the century, a modern echo of the same shifting earth that originally trapped the Roman fleet.

15 Events spanning 2496 years

YEAR -500

Origins in the Marshes

Early settlements are formed by the Umbri, taking advantage of the protective lagoons and marshlands.

YEAR -220

The Roman Alliance

The city makes its first significant contact with the Roman Republic, soon becoming a vital federated ally.

YEAR -27

Augustus Builds a Fleet

Emperor Augustus establishes the port of Classis, making it the home of the Roman fleet responsible for the eastern Mediterranean.

YEAR 402

Capital of the West

Emperor Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Milan to Ravenna to escape the threat of Alaric's Visigoths.

YEAR 425

The Reign of Galla Placidia

Empress Galla Placidia becomes a major patron of the arts, leading to the creation of stunning early Christian monuments.

YEAR 476

Fall of the Western Empire

Odoacer deposes the young Romulus Augustulus in Ravenna, marking the traditional end of the Western Roman Empire.

YEAR 493

Theodoric's Ostrogothic Kingdom

Theodoric the Great conquers the city and establishes his magnificent Ostrogothic capital, promoting a period of peace and architectural growth.

YEAR 540

The Byzantine Conquest

General Belisarius captures the city for the Byzantine Empire after a long siege, returning it to imperial control under Justinian I.

YEAR 751

The Longobard Invasion

The Longobard king Aistulf captures the city, putting a final end to the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.

YEAR 1321

The Death of a Poet

Exiled from Florence, the great poet Dante Alighieri dies of malaria in Ravenna after completing his Divine Comedy.

YEAR 1441

The Venetian Era Begins

The Venetian Republic takes control of the city, significantly altering its urban layout and constructing new defensive fortresses.

YEAR 1512

The Battle of Ravenna

French forces clash with the Holy League in a devastating and bloody battle outside the city walls, leading to heavy damage.

YEAR 1819

Byron Finds Inspiration

Lord Byron moves to the city, writing parts of 'Don Juan' and becoming heavily involved with the local Carbonari revolutionaries.

YEAR 1951

A Gold Medal for Valour

The city is awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valour for its fierce partisan resistance and contribution to the liberation of Italy during World War II.

YEAR 1996

UNESCO Recognition

Eight early Christian and Byzantine monuments in the city are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list.

Map of Ravenna

Interactive Destination & Itinerary Map

This map blends our curated city guides—featuring best photo spots, scenic walks, viewpoints, hidden gems and much more—with a live Wikipedia explorer. Click on our numbered pins to plan your routes, or zoom in on the surrounding neighborhoods to discover verified local landmarks, museums, and stories with dynamic Wikipedia summaries and photos!

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Interactive map showing locations of 85 points in Ravenna, attractions, parks and hidden gems among them.

Fun Facts

  • In 1903, the renowned Austrian painter Gustav Klimt visited the city and was so mesmerised by the Byzantine mosaics that they directly inspired his famous 'Golden Phase'.
  • Irish playwright Oscar Wilde was captivated by the city during a visit in 1877, subsequently writing an award winning poem simply titled 'Ravenna'.
  • Dante Alighieri's bones were secretly hidden by Franciscan monks in a wall for centuries to prevent the city of Florence from reclaiming the remains of the poet they had exiled.
  • The fast paced sport of beach tennis was actually invented on the sandy shores of Marina di Ravenna in the early 1980s.
  • The city celebrates the feast of Saint Catherine by baking 'Caterine', traditional chocolate covered biscuits shaped like hens or dolls, a custom entirely unique to the area within the ancient city walls.

Did You Know?

  • The city holds the extraordinary distinction of having served as the capital of three different states: the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogothic Kingdom, and the Byzantine Exarchate.
  • It contains eight separate monuments inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, representing a unique blend of Greco Roman tradition, Christian iconography, and oriental styles.
  • Due to human activity and geology, the city experiences severe subsidence, causing ancient buildings to sink into the ground, which is why the crypt of San Francesco is permanently flooded with groundwater.
  • The local port is one of the top twenty busiest ports in Italy, handling millions of tonnes of cargo and serving as a crucial hub for the energy and agricultural sectors.
  • The municipality covers the second largest surface area of any commune in Italy, surpassed only by Rome, encompassing vast agricultural lands, pine forests, and nine distinct coastal towns.

Videos of Ravenna

Top Attractions in Ravenna

Ravenna Itineraries

TRIP PLANNER

2 Days Recommended

Two days allows for a comfortable, deeply rewarding pace to appreciate the intricate details of the eight UNESCO monuments without experiencing mosaic fatigue. It provides enough time to wander the pedestrian centre, visit Dante's Tomb, and enjoy a leisurely Romagnolo dinner. This timeframe also leaves room for a quick bus or bike ride to the coastal pines or Sant'Apollinare in Classe.

Food in Ravenna

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Free Things to do in Ravenna

Parks & Nature

Highlights & Must-Sees

Best Walks in Ravenna

Hidden Gems in Ravenna

Architecture & Landmarks

Markets & Shopping

Ravenna Nightlife

Activities & Experiences

Cycling Routes

Self-Guided Tours

Annual Festivals & Events

Insider Tips

LOGISTICS

Many shops and smaller businesses observe a siesta between 12:30 and 16:00. Plan your shopping and errands outside these hours.

LOGISTICS

Book your tickets for the main UNESCO monuments online well in advance, as the smaller sites have strict time slots and fill up quickly.

PAYMENT

Bring a €1 coin when visiting the Basilica of San Francesco to illuminate the flooded crypt and see the goldfish swimming above the ancient mosaics.

TRANSPORT

If taking the bus to Sant'Apollinare in Classe, buy your ticket at the station or a tobacconist beforehand to avoid paying a higher fare onboard.

TRANSPORT

The historic centre is flat and heavily pedestrianised, making a rental bicycle the absolute best and most authentic way to get around.

FOOD

Skip the sit down restaurants for at least one lunch and grab a fresh piadina or crescione from a street kiosk for a cheap, authentic local meal.

PERFECT FOR

This destination is a dream for history enthusiasts and art lovers seeking profound cultural experiences without the overwhelming crowds of major tourist hubs. It is perfect for slow travellers who appreciate exploring flat, elegant streets by bicycle and pausing for long lunches. Romantics and literary fans will also find immense joy in tracing the footsteps of poets and emperors through its ancient alleys.

VIBE

The atmosphere here is wonderfully serene and deeply historical, moving at the relaxed pace typical of the Romagna region. Bicycles silently glide past elegant brick facades, while the aroma of fresh coffee and piadina drifts from lively pavement cafes. There is a sense of quiet pride among the locals, aware that behind unassuming church doors lie some of the most spectacular artistic treasures in the world.

Frequently Asked Questions about Ravenna

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