Sassi di Matera cave city at sunset, UNESCO World Heritage Site, southern Italy

Matera

Full City Guide, Map & 122 Things To Do

-7000 FOUNDED
9026 YEARS OLD
15°C
401m ELEVATION
POP. 0.1%

Matera is a mesmerising destination renowned for its ancient cave dwellings known as the Sassi. Carved directly into the golden limestone of a deep ravine, these historic neighbourhoods make the city one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world. Visitors are instantly captivated by the labyrinth of narrow alleys, hidden staircases, and rupestrian churches adorned with fading Byzantine frescoes. Once considered a symbol of extreme poverty in the mid twentieth century, Matera has undergone an astonishing rebirth, transforming its abandoned caves into luxurious hotels, boutique shops, and vibrant cultural spaces. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site and a former European Capital of Culture, the city offers a profound journey through thousands of years of human history. The breathtaking views across the Murgia plateau provide a cinematic backdrop that has inspired filmmakers and artists for decades.

History of Matera

Matera did not begin with stone walls. It started as a series of scraped hollows in the porous calcarenite rock of the Gravina ravine. Paleolithic hunters found shelter in these natural voids, but the true feat of survival came later when inhabitants had to figure out how to capture rain. The rock is notoriously friable. People clawed deep into the earth to build the Palombaro lungo, a massive subterranean cistern sprawling beneath what is now Piazza Vittorio Veneto. Every drop of moisture had to be channeled through a painstaking network of gutters and subterranean chambers. It is an ancient triumph of engineering built entirely out of desperation. Count Giovan Carlo Tramontano learned the limits of local patience the hard way in the early sixteenth century. He thought he could extract endless taxes from the local population and commissioned a heavily fortified Aragonese castle outside the main settlement to keep a watchful eye on his subjects. The citizens tolerated his heavy hand until late 1514. As the Count left the Cathedral on a December evening, a mob ambushed and assassinated him in a side street, putting a permanent halt to the construction of his fortress. Castello Tramontano still sits on a hill above the modern centre, its two round towers stubbornly unfinished. That same fierce independence flared up again during the Second World War. In September 1943, Matera became the first city in southern Italy to take up arms against occupying Nazi forces. The retaliation was brutal, culminating in the destruction of the militia building, but the civilian uprising successfully forced the retreat of the occupying troops before Allied forces even arrived. Navigating the polished limestone steps of the Sassi today often involves a minor slip in the wrong shoes, yet these very paths carry the weight of those intense autumn days. By the mid twentieth century, the ancient districts of Barisano and Caveoso had become severely overpopulated. Fifteen thousand people were living alongside their livestock in damp caves without running water. Following a fierce national debate, the Italian government passed a 1952 law to forcibly evacuate the historic centre. Families were relocated to modernist concrete neighbourhoods like La Martella, designed by Ludovico Quaroni, leaving the old ravines completely silent for over three decades. Stray dogs roamed the deserted vicinati. The tide only turned in 1986 when new legislation funded a massive recovery effort, transforming abandoned grottoes into the studios and dwellings that now cling to the cliffside. The sky above the Murgia plateau has always dictated life here, but it occasionally delivers something entirely unexpected. On Valentine's Day in 2023, a meteorite streaked across the atmosphere and crashed directly into the northern outskirts of the city. Astronomers descended on the area to collect the rare fragments scattered across a residential balcony. The incident even earned Matera an official asteroid designation. Locals still gather on the rocky outcrop of the Civita at dusk, watching the warm artificial lights flicker on across the Sasso Caveoso just as the stars begin to appear over the ravine.

13 Events spanning 9023 years

YEAR -7000

First Human Footprints

Hunter gatherer communities establish the first semi permanent settlements in the caves along the Gravina gorge.

YEAR 664

Lombard Annexation

Matera is absorbed into the powerful Duchy of Benevento under Lombard rule, solidifying its strategic importance in the region.

YEAR 867

Destruction by the Franks

The city suffers severe devastation when Emperor Louis II of the Franks attacks in an effort to drive out Saracen forces.

YEAR 1043

The Norman Era of Peace

Norman conquerors take control of the region, ushering in a long period of stability and architectural growth.

YEAR 1514

Assassination of Count Tramontano

Exhausted by heavy taxes and oppression, the citizens of Matera rise up and assassinate Count Giovan Carlo Tramontano in a violent rebellion.

YEAR 1663

Capital of Basilicata

The city is separated from the Terra d'Otranto and elevated to the prestigious status of capital of the Basilicata province.

YEAR 1806

Loss of Capital Status

Joseph Bonaparte officially transfers the regional capital status from Matera to Potenza, shifting political power away from the city.

YEAR 1860

The Gattini Massacre

During the tense Risorgimento period, a violent popular uprising breaks out regarding land redistribution, resulting in the tragic Gattini massacre.

YEAR 1943

Rebellion Against the Nazis

Matera becomes the very first city in southern Italy to take up arms and successfully rise against occupying Nazi forces.

YEAR 1952

The Forced Evacuation

The Italian government passes a controversial national law mandating the complete evacuation of the poverty stricken Sassi districts.

YEAR 1993

UNESCO World Heritage Inscription

Following years of grassroots restoration efforts, the Sassi and Rupestrian Churches are granted UNESCO World Heritage status.

YEAR 2019

European Capital of Culture

The city steps onto the global stage as it celebrates its year long tenure as the European Capital of Culture alongside Plovdiv.

YEAR 2023

The Valentine's Meteorite

A meteorite spectacularly crashes into the northern outskirts of the city, prompting the International Astronomical Union to name an asteroid 'Matera'.

Map of Matera

Interactive Destination & Itinerary Map

This map blends our curated city guides—featuring best photo spots, scenic walks, viewpoints, hidden gems and much more—with a live Wikipedia explorer. Click on our numbered pins to plan your routes, or zoom in on the surrounding neighborhoods to discover verified local landmarks, museums, and stories with dynamic Wikipedia summaries and photos!

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Interactive map showing locations of 96 points in Matera, attractions, parks and hidden gems among them.

Fun Facts

  • The city's striking resemblance to ancient Jerusalem has made it a favourite filming location for blockbuster movies, including Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ and the James Bond film No Time to Die.
  • During the month of December, the ancient stone streets are transformed into the largest live nativity scene in the world, featuring hundreds of costumed locals.
  • The local bread is traditionally baked in a distinct, mountain like shape meant to mimic the surrounding landscape, and its unique preparation keeps it fresh for well over a week.
  • In 1943, the city made history as the first in southern Italy to rise up against Nazi occupation, an act of bravery that earned it a medal for military valour.
  • After a meteorite dramatically crashed into a local balcony on Valentine's Day in 2023, the International Astronomical Union officially named asteroid 9278 in honour of the city.
  • The city emblem features an ox with ears of wheat in its mouth, accompanied by a Latin motto translating to 'the tired ox plants his foot more firmly', symbolising the locals' peaceful but unyielding spirit against oppression.

Did You Know?

  • The area represents one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world, with archaeological evidence of human presence dating back seamlessly to the Paleolithic era.
  • The ancient inhabitants engineered a highly sophisticated water collection system, utilising gravity and porous rock to filter and store rainwater in massive underground cisterns long before modern plumbing.
  • In 1993, the historic cave districts became the very first site in southern Italy to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
  • The surrounding ravine is home to over one hundred and fifty rupestrian churches, many of which contain impeccably preserved Byzantine frescoes painted directly onto the cave walls.
  • The dramatic transformation from being labelled a national disgrace in the 1950s to a celebrated European Capital of Culture has made the city a global benchmark for urban regeneration.
  • The architectural layout of the ancient districts is a prime example of early bioclimatic engineering, using the thermal mass of the earth to regulate temperatures naturally throughout the extreme summer and winter months.

Videos of Matera

Top Attractions in Matera

Matera Itineraries

TRIP PLANNER

3 Days Recommended

Three days provides the perfect amount of time to comfortably explore both the Barisano and Caveoso districts without rushing. It allows for a dedicated afternoon to hike across the ravine into the Murgia park for spectacular panoramic views. You will also have ample evenings to enjoy the incredible local cuisine and experience the magical illuminated cityscape at night.

Food in Matera

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Free Things to do in Matera

Parks & Nature

Highlights & Must-Sees

Best Walks in Matera

Hidden Gems in Matera

Architecture & Landmarks

Markets & Shopping

Matera Nightlife

Activities & Experiences

Cycling Routes

Self-Guided Tours

Annual Festivals & Events

Insider Tips

TRANSPORT

Standard national trains do not reach the city. You must take the Ferrovie Appulo Lucane narrow gauge train from Bari Centrale, which is situated just outside the main station building.

SAFETY

The ancient stone staircases have been polished smooth by centuries of footsteps and can be incredibly slippery. Always wear supportive shoes with excellent grip.

ETIQUETTE

Avoid making the common mistake of thinking you are in the Puglia region. The locals are incredibly proud of their heritage in the Basilicata region.

LOGISTICS

When exploring the Murgia plateau across the ravine, start early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the intense midday sun, and always carry plenty of water.

SHOPPING

Look out for the 'cuccù', a traditional, brightly painted ceramic whistle shaped like a rooster. It is considered a symbol of prosperity and makes for a perfect, authentic souvenir.

FOOD

Do not leave without buying a loaf of the local IGP certified bread. It has a distinctive crust and crumb that is designed to stay fresh and delicious for several days.

PERFECT FOR

This destination is perfect for culture enthusiasts, history buffs, and photographers looking for truly unique landscapes. It offers a deeply romantic and atmospheric setting for couples seeking an offbeat getaway. Travellers who enjoy slow paced exploration, physical walks, and uncovering layers of ancient history will find it incredibly rewarding.

VIBE

Stepping into this city feels like wandering through a living nativity scene or an ancient, forgotten world. The golden limestone buildings glow warmly under the Mediterranean sun, creating a landscape that is both rugged and deeply romantic. At night, the illuminated cave dwellings twinkle across the ravine, completely blurring the line between the city and a starry sky.

Frequently Asked Questions about Matera

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